What is Data Mining and classification of stages

Data Mining is an advanced concept of using the database for management decision making.Data mining,concept has enabled both management and technical people to discover some patterns in the data,which were not available before.Data Mining is related to analyzing data or facts on various facets(dimensions and combinations) and recognizing patterns.Pttens tell about the behaviour of the market i.e., how the market responds to a particular businees decision or process.This has given some new insights and facility to gain new knowledge for the management.All this helps,in better decision making and increasing profits and reducing riskin decision making.

The Stages of Data Mining:

Selection:In the Large volume of data,that is available,only a subset of data is selected.This can be done,on the basis of a criteria.

Preprocessing:This is also known as 'data cleansing' stage.Any information which is understood as unnecessary is removed form the process.Because,irrelevant data can not only slow down the queries,but also cause inconsistencies.

Transformation (add Business related data):
This stage involves,combining the available data with some market related or businees related overlays.For example,we can add data such as locations names,income levels,type of living such asrural or urban.This is known as demographic trends.

Data Mining: This stage is concerned with the actual extractions of patterns from data.Forthis,all the facts are collected and specific planning language is applied to recognizepatterns.Technically ,a pattern decsribes relationships among a subset of data with an
amount certainty.

Interpretation and evaluation:
Tha patterns recognized are now accumulated as knowledge.This knowledge helps inmanagement decision making.Management can use this knowledge in prediction andclassification,summarizing the contents and so on.

Different types of internetworking and devices used to interconnect dissimilar networks

Internetworking : There are different types of networks such as Local Area Network(LAN),Wide Area Network(WAN),A variety of protocols are used at every layer and interconnection of these networks is called internet.Through internet it is possible to exchange information between hosts which are connected across various networks.

Various kinds of protocols are TCP/IP,SNA (system Network Architecture),DECnet developed by Digital Electronic Corporation,personal computers are interconnected using,Novel,NCP/IPX or APPLETALK.Similarly ATMs are developed for real-time applications.

In internetworking there are various types of networks and their scenarios.There are basically four types of scenarios.

1. LAN-LAN
2. LAN-WAN
3. WAN-WAN
4. LAN-WAN-LAN.

1.LAN-LAN : To exchange information between two departments of the same organization which are present on different host at different network. By using bridges we can interconnect different LANs.

2.LAN-WAN : To send information to a remote host which is connected through wide area network,transferring information from LAN to WAN.

3.WAN-WAN : For transferring information between two different organizations.

4.LAN-WAN-LAN : For international organizations which host on different branches communicate with each other.The information generated by first LAN will be transmitted to another LAN through wide area network.

Economizer working principle in boilers

Economizer : An economizer is a device used to heat feed water by utilizing the heat in the exhaust flue gases before leaving through the chimney.Economizer improves the economy of the steam boiler.The following are the advantages of using an economizer.

1.It increases the steam raising capacity of a boiler i.e., it shortens the time required to covert water into steam.
2.It prevents formation of scale in boiler water tubes.
3.There is about an average of 18% of coal saving.
4.since the feed water entering the boiler is hot,therefore strains due to unequal expansion are minimized.

Boiler accessories Super Heater working principle and advantages

Superheater : It is integral part of boiler and is placed in the path of hot flue gases from the furnace.The heat recovered from the flue gases is used in superheating the steam before entering into the turbine (i.e.,prime mover).Its main purpose is to increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure.

Following are the advatages of using economizer.
1.There is an increase in efficiency of the steam power plant.
2.Erosion of turbine blade is minimized (or) even eliminated.
3.Steam consumption of the prim-mover is reduced.
4.Condensation loss in the pipes is reduced.
5.It removes entrained water particles from the steam conveyed to the steam turbines and increases the temperature of saturated steam.

Whatever type of boiler is used, steam will leave the water at its surface and pass into the steam space. Steam formed above the water surface in a shell boiler is always saturated and cannot become superheated in the boiler shell, as it is constantly in contact with the water surface.

If superheated steam is required, the saturated steam must pass through a superheater. This is simply a heat exchanger where additional heat is added to the saturated steam.

In water-tube boilers, the superheater may be an additional pendant suspended in the furnace area where the hot gases will provide the degree of superheat required.In other cases, for example in CHP schemes where the gas turbine exhaust gases are relatively cool, a separately fired superheater may be needed to provide the additional heat.

A water tube boiler with a Super Heater

If accurate control of the degree of superheat is required, as would be the case if the steam is to be used to drive turbines, then an attemperator (desuperheater) is fitted. This is a device installed after the superheater, which injects water into the superheated steam to reduce its temperature.

Download AP Tet 2011 syllabus at aptet official website

Andhra pradesh Teachers eligibility test(TET) 2011 syllabus is available in online.The candidates who are appearing forAndhra pradesh Tet examination 31st july 2011 can get the syllabus in apscert candidate can download the syllabus and prepare for Ap Tet Examination.The tet notification online applications was released at 20 may 2011 till the applications were going the last date of Ap tet online application is june second week.Eligibility of the tet exam who have scored 60 percent of marks those candidates have considered to State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT).State Council of Educational Research and Training was established on 27.07.1967.Plese find below links to download the Ap tet 2011 Syllabus.

Paper I (for classes I to V); No. of MCQs – 150
Duration of examination: one-and-a-half hours, Structure and Content (All Compulsory)
(i) Child Development and Pedagogy -30
(ii) Language I -30
(iii) Language II -30
(iv) Mathematics -30
(v) Environmental Studies -30

Paper II (for classes VI to VIII); No. of MCQs – 150
Duration of examination: one-and-a-half hours, Structure and Content
(i) Child Development & Pedagogy (compulsory) -30
(ii) Language I (compulsory) -30
(iii) Language II (compulsory) -30
(iv) (a) For Mathematics and Science teacher : Mathematics and Science – 60
(b) For Social studies teacher : Social Studies - 60
(c) for any other teacher – either 4(a) or 4(b)

AP SSC 2011 New Standard Grading System

Standard Grading System : In ssc exams passed students are given in the form of grading system marks are coming . Last year ssc board introduced the new Grading system . Grades will be based on their marks.This year there are many changes made on their grading system.This follows grades are given from A1 to D2. Grades are also given to failure students.Regarding to last year marks score either decrease or increase in grading must be successively changed.This grading System has no use for students.

This year Changes are made in grading system .so we cannot calculate the potentiality of the students .we face some obstacles in this system and also we want to take duplicate certificates some problems raises.

This type of conditions we need a standard grading system .stu and other groups requests to the educational department . This type of region is also in CBSE.The Education department made changes in the SSC Grading System.

Up Coming New Standard Grading System

Marks Grades
91 to 100 - A1
81 to 90 - A2
71 to 80 - B1
61 to 70 - B2
51 to 60 - C1
41 to 50 - C2
33 to 40 - D
21 to 32 - E1
Below 20 Marks E2